新的PREP笔记里德 3. aeoluseros对于Having done知识点的补充: 1) 不能作为名词结构,因此不能用该结构作主语。 2) 我对定语、状语的理解是这样的:有的时候同一个成分、结构可以做定语,也可以做状语,只要区分被修饰对象与结合时态等分析逻辑上能不能合理修饰就够了,没必要太在意是做定语还是做状语。也就是说,区不区分定语、状语都可以,关键是要明白定语和状语的功能都是“修饰”(有点像废话,不过我的意思是平时我统一把他们记为“修饰语”,只有在做题目解释的时候才区分一下)。 prep1-188中,A选项"having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood",你可以把这个成分理解成状语,也可以理解为定语,修饰的都是Neuroscientists这个主体或这个主体发出的动作,只要你把having看做定语和状语时,句意理解起来是一样的,那么就没有歧义问题。 而prep1-97:Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.这里面having可能修饰pollutants,也可能修饰they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants整个分句,所以having产生了修饰歧义 3) having done可以做非限定性修饰,不能做限定性修饰。 夸克的语法大全里面明确写出having done做限定性修饰是错误的: The perfective aspect cannot usually be expressed in the nonfinite clause: wrong: The man having won the race is my brother. correct: The man who has won the race is my brother. 也就是说.完成时的ing分词形式(having done)作为限制性的修饰是不可以的,但是可以作为非限制性的修饰。 4) having done短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前 5) When having done 结构一定错错,因为不应该有 when。单是 Having done 就够了。Have 有很多地方与正牌动词不同,When 后就不能用 having 了。原因是 having done 是过去,而 when 是当时,所以有冲突。 -- by 会员 watone (2010/10/14 12:45:28)
太感激了,这个说的太全面了!!~~~~ |