[阅读] 100821-100916 阅读小犬总结

loveborne

thanks~~

fangzhenzhen

感谢楼主！

yutian66

thanks~~~

jxst462040

aaa

Ivanka囡

楼主好人哪, up up!!

陆仁嘉

upup
好筒子

考古很牛

andy8892

请教楼主一个问题，阅读第七篇那个关于Predatory price的文章考古确认了吗？感觉怎么跟本月写的那两个版本出入很大呀？后天就考了，着急求解……跪谢跪谢……

叶子mj

lz辛苦~~顶~

JESSIEUK

请教楼主一个问题，阅读第七篇那个关于Predatory price的文章考古确认了吗？感觉怎么跟本月写的那两个版本出入很大呀？后天就考了，着急求解……跪谢跪谢……

-- by 会员 andy8892 (2010/8/24 13:18:47)

那个没有确认考古。目前没有更好的考古。
但是感觉本月考的那篇结构比较清晰，考古当做资料了解一下吧，我觉得考古的那篇相对来说难一些呢。

feid1984

穴居动物的进化考古
v1
p1简介. 穴居动物的祖先进化了.
p2因为温度改变.  穴居动物的祖先都是低温动物. 冰川过去, 温度上升, 穴居动物的祖先开始钻到森林最下面, 后来到山洞因为山洞里温度低p3夏威夷的山洞那里是温度改变之后, 再慢慢地+食物因素继续进化.
p4除了夏威夷, 其他热带地区的山洞还没法解释. 现有的热带地区的温度都很稳定(没有温度的改变也就无法解释为什么会进化到洞里). 穴居动物少. 但是最近发现了不少穴居动物而且热带地区的温度其实也是经历了变化的.

v2讲一种穴居动物。文章很长。
第一段先说了穴居动物，括号里举例。接着说对其变化的研究。
第二段说了一派观点：认为是climate的因素造成。提到了潮湿木头等环境。举了某人的实验结果为例，大概是某种昆虫abc——这个名字其长无比，大家不用管它，首字母提炼就是。（此处有题）
第三段举了另一派的观点：认为是适应原因造成（是一个合成词，含adapt）。也举了一人的研究成果为例。
第四段总结说两派观点都没得到完全证明。近期研究发现，说的内容否定了第一种观点，“尽管climate变化，物种却没多少变化”云云。但是，又举了近期一研究，不是削弱2就是由肯定了1，我感觉最后仍然无法肯定哪派对。

v3版本770 V44 （要点）
穴居动物的进化原因。提出两种理论pleistocene effect theory，还有一个adaptive  shift theory。
第一个P理论主要是说因为古代时候有段时间气候一直变冷，一开始变冷，有些动物为了适应环境就慢慢住在离cave比较近的地方（大意），比较容易适应寒冷，也为他们之后住进cave里做准备。接下来天气更冷了，只有进化到住进洞里才不会冻死。那些适应的好的于是就成了穴居动物 stygobites。
第二种理论主要是用来解释热带地区尤其是夏威夷地区的穴居动物进化的。haworth认为在这些地区没有p理论说到的那种突然的天气变化，因此是动物自己变的。

题目
1)有according to the last p, 问until recently, scientists认为....
热带地区的温度都很稳定 (MS正确)
没有什么穴居动物 (MS正确)
选项有点绕, 有一个表达肯定有问题. 我当时还觉得奇怪, until recently, 是什么意思? 应该是说以前是怎么认为的啊, 可是2个选项都正确???  大家看清楚, 仔细推敲下.

2)还有一个according to the last p, 问如果热带地区的温度变化和进化有直接关联, 则哪个是正确的.  
热带地区的山洞都是lime
热带地区有很多穴居动物

3)还有一题是问根据文章哪个是正确的
我选的穴居动物的祖先曾经在森林底下呆过.

4)主旨题
我选的提出一个现象, 然后几个观点, 然后怎样怎样...


背景：网上找了很久没找到原文。下面是比较接近的内容，大概说了一下两种理论。
Those highly specialized animals iliving entirely in the groundwater environment, and absent in surface waters,

are called stygobites. 接下来说stygobites都有什么习性，包括哪些动物（记得有说蛇）。
There are two main theories of cave colonization and troglobite evolution: 1. the pleistocene effect theory (Barr

and Holsinger), 2. the adaptive shift theory (Howarth).
The Pleistocene effect has been the most widely accepted model for the evolution of terrestrial troglobites until

quite recently, During cold glacial climates, the cooler, wetter conditions south of the continental ice masses of

Europe, Asia and America favoured the spread of invertebrates inhabiting both temperate forest ecosystems and

caves. With the ameliorations of climate, those taxa that survived were those living in caves as the forest

ecosystmes changed radically. Ultimately geographic and genetic isolation in these cave rerugia produced adaptive

radiation and the evolution of distinct troglobites. In favor of this theory are the close affinities between

closed forest and cave taxa, the present distributions of taxa in mountain areas separated by deep valleys, and

former wider distributions evidenced from the fossil record.
The second theory, that of adaptive shift, was advanced by Howarth to explain the origin of troglobites in the

Hawaiian lava tubes, but many have much wider applicability. This theory does not rely on climate change; rather

it proposes that partially adapted ancestral species moved into cave niches almost continuously. These may have

been species out-competed in surface environments. Thus the availability of food is the keystone of this theory,

and troglobite evolution has been continual rather than episodic.

这是关于第一种P理论的补充知识（没有在考试文章出现，不过对理解有帮助）The pioneering studies of cave life were

predominantly carried out in the karst areas of Europe and North America, areas directly or closely associated

with regions repeatedly covered by ice during the Pleistocene. Hence, the effects of glaciation came to dominate

the debate about both the distribution and the origin of troglobitic animals. The classic view of the evolution of

terrestrial troglobite is, in essence, that climatic instability in the surface environment - especially changes

to cold and arid conditions associated with the onset and retreat of Pleistocene glaciations - led to the

extinction of surface populations of species that mostly lived in forest soil and litter. This process disrupted

interbreeding between the various troglophilic populations and permitted adaptation to the cave conditions in the

now-isolated cave populations.