【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-18】

qiuhua01234567

精炼5.Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems, for while the ease of attributing feelings to large mammals facilitates evoking sympathy for them, it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms, such as the soil microorganisms on which large ecosystems and agriculture depend.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A)The most important environmental problems involve endangered species other than large

mammals.

(B)Microorganisms cannot experience pain or have other feelings.

(C)Publicity campaigns for the environment are the most effective when they elicit sympathy for some organism.

(D)People ignore environmental problems unless they believe the problems will affect creatures with which they sympathize.

(E)An organism can be environmentally significant only if it affects large ecosystems or agriculture.
81.(24344-!-item-!-188;#058&000867)



In Arumville, among those young children with elevated levels of lead in their blood, few live in houses containing lead-based paint, but many live in areas where vehicular traffic is heavy.These children's elevated blood-lead levels probably result from lead added to gasoline, since, although gasoline sold in and around Arumville has been lead-free since 1990, lead from vehicle exhaust remains in the soil for many years.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Sales of lead-based paint for use in homes was banned in Arumville in 1977.

B. Vehicle traffic in most residential areas of Arumville is heavier today than it was twenty years ago.

C. Some lead in the soil comes from deteriorating lead-based paint on the exteriors of buildings.

D. In Arumville, children's blood-lead levels typically rise during the warm summer months when children frequently play outdoors but not in the winter when children spend more time indoors.

E. If improperly carried out, the removal of lead-based paint from older houses can significantly increase the risk that children living in such houses will ingest lead dust.



82.(33511-!-item-!-188;#058&007598)



Technological improvements and reduced equipment costs have made converting solar energy directly into electricity far more cost-efficient in the last decade.However, the threshold of economic viability for solar power (that is, the price per barrel to which oil would have to rise in order for new solar power plants to be more economical than new oil-fired power plants) is unchanged at thirty-five dollars.

Which of the following, if true, does most to help explain why the increased cost-efficiency of solar power has not decreased its threshold of economic viability?

A. The cost of oil has fallen dramatically.

B. The reduction in the cost of solar-power equipment has occurred despite increased raw material costs for that equipment.

C. Technological changes have increased the efficiency of oil-fired power plants.

D. Most electricity is generated by coal-fired or nuclear, rather than oil-fired, power plants.

E. When the price of oil increases, reserves of oil not previously worth exploiting become economically viable.



83.(25338-!-item-!-188;#058&001294)



Many people suffer an allergic reaction to sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives.However, since there are several winemakers producing wine to which no sulfites are added, those who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink these wines without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A. Sulfites occur naturally in most wine.

B. The sulfites that can produce an allergic reaction are also commonly found in beverages other than wine.

C. Wines without added sulfites tend to be at least moderately expensive.

D. Apart from sulfites, there are other substances commonly present in wine that can trigger allergic reactions.

E. Wine without added sulfites sometimes becomes undrinkable even before the wine is sold to consumers.



84.(26216-!-item-!-188;#058&001794)



The general availability of high-quality electronic scanners and color printers for computers has made the counterfeiting of checks much easier.In order to deter such counterfeiting, several banks plan to issue to their corporate customers checks that contain dots too small to be accurately duplicated by any electronic scanner currently available; when such checks are scanned and printed, the dots seem to blend together in such a way that the word “VOID” appears on the check.

A questionable assumption of the plan is that

A. in the territory served by the banks the proportion of counterfeit checks that are made using electronic scanners has remained approximately constant over the past few years

B. most counterfeiters who use electronic scanners counterfeit checks only for relatively large amounts of money

C. the smallest dots on the proposed checks cannot be distinguished visually except under strong magnification

D. most corporations served by these banks will not have to pay more for the new checks than for traditional checks

E. the size of the smallest dots that generally available electronic scanners are able to reproduce accurately will not decrease significantly in the near future








81.(24344-!-item-!-188;#058&000867)



In Arumville, among those young children with elevated levels of lead in their blood, few live in houses containing lead-based paint, but many live in areas where vehicular traffic is heavy.These children's elevated blood-lead levels probably result from lead added to gasoline, since, although gasoline sold in and around Arumville has been lead-free since 1990, lead from vehicle exhaust remains in the soil for many years.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Sales of lead-based paint for use in homes was banned in Arumville in 1977.

B. Vehicle traffic in most residential areas of Arumville is heavier today than it was twenty years ago.

C. Some lead in the soil comes from deteriorating lead-based paint on the exteriors of buildings.

D. In Arumville, children's blood-lead levels typically rise during the warm summer months when children frequently play outdoors but not in the winter when children spend more time indoors.

E. If improperly carried out, the removal of lead-based paint from older houses can significantly increase the risk that children living in such houses will ingest lead dust.



82.(33511-!-item-!-188;#058&007598)



Technological improvements and reduced equipment costs have made converting solar energy directly into electricity far more cost-efficient in the last decade.However, the threshold of economic viability for solar power (that is, the price per barrel to which oil would have to rise in order for new solar power plants to be more economical than new oil-fired power plants) is unchanged at thirty-five dollars.

Which of the following, if true, does most to help explain why the increased cost-efficiency of solar power has not decreased its threshold of economic viability?

A. The cost of oil has fallen dramatically.

B. The reduction in the cost of solar-power equipment has occurred despite increased raw material costs for that equipment.

C. Technological changes have increased the efficiency of oil-fired power plants.

D. Most electricity is generated by coal-fired or nuclear, rather than oil-fired, power plants.

E. When the price of oil increases, reserves of oil not previously worth exploiting become economically viable.



83.(25338-!-item-!-188;#058&001294)



Many people suffer an allergic reaction to sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives.However, since there are several winemakers producing wine to which no sulfites are added, those who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink these wines without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A. Sulfites occur naturally in most wine.

B. The sulfites that can produce an allergic reaction are also commonly found in beverages other than wine.

C. Wines without added sulfites tend to be at least moderately expensive.

D. Apart from sulfites, there are other substances commonly present in wine that can trigger allergic reactions.

E. Wine without added sulfites sometimes becomes undrinkable even before the wine is sold to consumers.



84.(26216-!-item-!-188;#058&001794)



The general availability of high-quality electronic scanners and color printers for computers has made the counterfeiting of checks much easier.In order to deter such counterfeiting, several banks plan to issue to their corporate customers checks that contain dots too small to be accurately duplicated by any electronic scanner currently available; when such checks are scanned and printed, the dots seem to blend together in such a way that the word “VOID” appears on the check.

A questionable assumption of the plan is that

A. in the territory served by the banks the proportion of counterfeit checks that are made using electronic scanners has remained approximately constant over the past few years

B. most counterfeiters who use electronic scanners counterfeit checks only for relatively large amounts of money

C. the smallest dots on the proposed checks cannot be distinguished visually except under strong magnification

D. most corporations served by these banks will not have to pay more for the new checks than for traditional checks

E. the size of the smallest dots that generally available electronic scanners are able to reproduce accurately will not decrease significantly in the near future

qiuhua01234567

This is a challenging problem because two of the wrong answer choices are attractive. The argument itself
is not overly complex, but you must pay attention to the language. Consider the conclusion of the
argument: “Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems.”
Ask yourself, why is it that these campaigns are unlikely to have much impact on the most important problems? According to the premises, the reason is that “it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms [than large mammals].” The reasoning shows that the author believes there is a connection between the important problems and organisms that are not large mammals. This Supporter connection is perfectly reflected in answer choice (A), the correct answer. Again, when faced with an Assumption question, remember to look for connections between rogue elements in the argument, and then seek that connection in the answer choices.
Answer choice (B): The argument is about eliciting sympathy, and no assumption is made about
microorganisms experiencing pain.
Answer choice (C): This is a Shell Game answer. The conclusion is specific about “publicity campaigns for endangered species” as they relate to environmental problems. This answer refers to “publicity campaigns” in general—a different concept. It may be that the most effective publicity campaign for the environment has nothing to do with organisms. Consequently, this answer is not an assumption of the argument.
Answer choice (D): This answer choice is worded too strongly and is an Exaggerated answer. “Ignore” goes further than what the author implies. The author indicates that it is “more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms,” but the author does not say it is impossible to get sympathy from individuals if a non-large mammal is involved. Further, the argument is specific about the impact on the “most important” problems, and this answer goes well beyond that domain.
Answer choice (E): The microorganisms discussed at the end of the argument are an example (“such as”);therefore, the author does not assume this type of relationship must be true in order for the conclusion to be true.

qiuhua01234567

PREPCAE

daisyの小夢想

沙发！~！

xeyyxzty

回来了~要占座~

daisyの小夢想

逻辑小分队又完成了一次华丽丽的换届哈哈
谢谢@bananazoo过去的给力
谢谢@qiuhua01234567，加油加油。

michaelmay17

沙发！~！

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2012/1/15 22:05:54)

斑斑~

qiuhua01234567

逻辑小分队又完成了一次华丽丽的换届哈哈
谢谢@bananazoo过去的给力
谢谢@qiuhua01234567，加油加油。

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2012/1/15 22:09:12)

撒花撒花。。

myancamel

premise：因为大的动物可以考公众的同情来获得资助，但有些小个体很难
conclusion：现在这种方式很难
assumption：supporter：现在是分开运行的/小个体占了大部分/资助是判断成功的重要因素/同情是资助的条件
           eliminator：大动物占得比重不大/没有别的因素决定款项筹集

题目分析：
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A)The most important environmental problems involve endangered species other than large

mammals.

(B)Microorganisms cannot experience pain or have other feelings.

(C)Publicity campaigns for the environment are the most effective when they elicit sympathy for some organism.

(D)People ignore environmental problems unless they believe the problems will affect creatures
with which they sympathize.

(E)An organism can be environmentally significant only if it affects large ecosystems or agriculture.

B,D，E都是明显的无关；关键看A和C
B取反不能有效地weaken题目argument，C更合适
错了
犯了非常容易犯的错误shell game没看出来
应该是D

mahaofei001

这位同学，，，你的prep部分发错了。。发成prep08CR2上的题了~~