【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-9】

balapupu

【精练】
2. If something would have been justifiably regretted if
it had occurred, then it is something that one should
not have desired in the first place. It follows that
many forgone pleasures should not have been
desired in the first place.
The conclusion above follows logically if which one
of the following is assumed?
(A) One should never regret one’s pleasures.
(B) Forgone pleasures that were not desired would
not have been justifiably regretted.
(C) Everything that one desires and then regrets
not having is a forgone pleasure.
(D) Many forgone pleasures would have been
justifiably regretted.
(E) Nothing that one should not have desired in
the first place fails to be a pleasure.
【逻辑链】
41.    (32895-!-item-!-188;#058&007553)


In comparison to the standard typewriter keyboard, the EFCO keyboard, which places the most-used keys nearest the typist's strongest fingers, allows faster typing and results in less fatigue.  Therefore, replacement of standard keyboards with the EFCO keyboard will result in an immediate reduction of typing costs.


Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion drawn above?


(A) People who use both standard and EFCO keyboards report greater difficulty in the transition from the EFCO keyboard to the standard keyboard than in the transition from the standard keyboard to the EFCO keyboard.
(B) EFCO keyboards are no more expensive to manufacture than are standard keyboards and require less frequent repair than do standard keyboards.
(C) The number of businesses and government agencies that use EFCO keyboards is increasing each year.
(D) The more training and experience an employee has had with the standard keyboard, the more costly it is to train that employee to use the EFCO keyboard.
(E) Novice typists can learn to use the EFCO keyboard in about the same amount of time it takes them to learn to use the standard keyboard.


42.    (32943-!-item-!-188;#058&007554)


Researchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged.  They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level.  Such newly thin persons will, therefore, ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate.


The conclusion of the argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?


(A) Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level.
(B) The metabolisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more able to vary than the metabolisms of people who have been very overweight.
(C) The amount of calories that a person usually burns in a day is determined more by the amount that is consumed that day than by the current weight of the individual.
(D) Researchers have not yet determined whether the metabolic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can be accelerated by means of chemical agents.
(E) Because of the constancy of their metabolic rates, people who are at their usual weight normally have as much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it.


43.    (32991-!-item-!-188;#058&007555)


Half of the subjects in an experiment--the experimental group--consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener.  Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the other half of the subjects--the control group--who did not consume the sweetener.  The detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is one of the sweetener's principal constituents.


Which of the following, if true, would best support the conclusion that some ingredient of the sweetener was responsible for the experimental results?


(A) Most consumers of the sweetener do not consume as much of it as the experimental group members did.
(B) The amino acid referred to in the conclusion is a component of all proteins, some of which must be consumed for adequate nutrition.
(C) The quantity of the sweetener consumed by individuals in the experimental group is considered safe by federal food regulators.
(D) The two groups of subjects were evenly matched with regard to cognitive abilities prior to the experiment.
(E) A second experiment in which subjects consumed large quantities of the sweetener lacked a control group of subjects who were not given the sweetener.


44.    (33039-!-item-!-188;#058&007556)


Half of the subjects in an experiment--the experimental group--consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener.  Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the other half of the subjects--the control group--who did not consume the sweetener.  The detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is one of the sweetener's principal constituents.


Which of the following, if true, would best help explain how the sweetener might produce the observed effect?


(A) The government's analysis of the artificial sweetener determined that it was sold in relatively pure form.
(B) A high level of the amino acid in the blood inhibits the synthesis of a substance required for normal brain functioning.
(C) Because the sweetener is used primarily as a food additive, adverse reactions to it are rarely noticed by consumers.
(D) The amino acid that is a constituent of the sweetener is also sold separately as a dietary supplement.
(E) Subjects in the experiment did not know whether they were consuming the sweetener or a second, harmless substance.

balapupu

This is an intimidating problem at first glance. The terminology is complex and
the problem appears to be based on difficult philosophical principles. First,
analyze the structure of the argument:
Premise: If something would have been justifiably regretted if it had
occurred, then it is something that one should not have
desired in the first place.
Conclusion: Many forgone pleasures should not have been desired in the
first place.
Second, use the three steps for mechanistically solving Justify questions as
described in this section.
1. Any “new” or “rogue” element in the conclusion will appear in the
correct answer.
“Many forgone pleasures” is a new element that appears only in the
conclusion. Only answer choices (B), (C), and (D) contain “forgone
pleasures,” and only answer choice (D) contains “many.” Thus, if forced
to make a quick decision, answer choice (D) would be the best selection
at this point in our analysis. And, fortunately, the technique is so
powerful that this analysis does indeed yield the correct answer.
Regardless, let’s continue.
2. Elements that are common to the conclusion and at least one premise, or
to two premises, normally do not appear in the correct answer.
“Should not have (been) desired in the first place” appears in both the
premise and the conclusion. This element is not likely to appear in the
correct answer choice.
3. Elements that appear in the premises but not the conclusion normally
appear in the correct answer.
“Justifiably regretted” appears in the premise but not the conclusion.
Only answer choices (B) and (D) contain “justifiably regretted.”
Once you become used to examining the elements of the argument, the analysis
above can be made very quickly. The method also correctly reveals answer
choice (D) as correct with a minimum of effort.
This problem also contains conditional reasoning, and as such the argument can
be diagrammed:
Premise: Justifiably Regretted Desire
Conclusion: many DesireForgone
This relationship is similar to the following:
Premise: A B
Conclusion: B occurs.
Question: What statement can be added to the argument above to
conclude that B must follow?
Answer: A occurs.
In this case, a few additional elements have been added to B in the conclusion,
but we can add these elements to A and make the problem work. The term that
would justify the conclusion in this problem is:
many Justifiably RegrettedForgone
A comparison of this term and answer choice (D) reveals that the two are
identical. If you are still uncertain, use the Justify Formula to eliminate each of
the remaining answer choices.

Answer keys：2.D  41. D   42. A  43. D 44.B  

xeyyxzty

fox0923

占位~

精练------------------------28s-----------------------conclusion
P: If something would have been regretted when it had occurred.
Sub-conclusion: Then it's sth that one would have desired should not be at the first place.
Main-Conclusion: Then the pleasure wouldn't be at the first place.
Prephrase: Make a connection between the pleasure and sth one would have desired.


Analysis:
(A) One should never regret one’s pleasures.-----------------------one should never regret one's pleasures is not mentioned in the passage.
(B) Forgone pleasures that were not desired would
not have been justifiably regretted.------------------------------------没说many
(C) Everything that one desires and then regrets
not having is a forgone pleasure.---------------------------------------there's no need to give the forgone pleasure definition.
(D) Many forgone pleasures would have been
justifiably regretted.------------------------------------------------------yeah
(E) Nothing that one should not have desired in
the first place fails to be a pleasure.-----------------------------------we cannot conclude this. this is reversed.




总结：
Second, use the three steps for mechanistically solving Justify questions as
described in this section.
1. Any “new” or “rogue” element in the conclusion will appear in the
correct answer.
“Many forgone pleasures” is a new element that appears only in the
conclusion. Only answer choices (B), (C), and (D) contain “forgone
pleasures,” and only answer choice (D) contains “many.” Thus, if forced
to make a quick decision, answer choice (D) would be the best selection
at this point in our analysis. And, fortunately, the technique is so
powerful that this analysis does indeed yield the correct answer.
Regardless, let’s continue.--------------这种方法比较生硬，不过以后可以多运用一下


2. Elements that are common to the conclusion and at least one premise, or
to two premises, normally do not appear in the correct answer.
“Should not have (been) desired in the first place” appears in both the
premise and the conclusion. This element is not likely to appear in the
correct answer choice.


3. Elements that appear in the premises but not the conclusion normally
appear in the correct answer.
“Justifiably regretted” appears in the premise but not the conclusion.
Only answer choices (B) and (D) contain “justifiably regretted.”
Once you become used to examining the elements of the argument, the analysis
above can be made very quickly. The method also correctly reveals answer
choice (D) as correct with a minimum of effort.----------------寻找conclusion里面没有的但是premise里面有的补漏

南瓜0729

2.20s
P：sth that would have been regretted should not be desired.
C：pleasure should not be desired
有gap：pleasure 与sth would have been regretted之间
D
刚开始没有读懂 但是答案一定是连接conclusion里面的新内容的

zz42050524

2011/12/18  assumption
这道题第一遍，没看懂，仔细去看了第二遍
If something is regarded as regretted after it occurred, it is something not desired at the first place.
Many forgone pleasures are not desired at the first place.
Pre: 这道题也是一个gap的题，前提给了一个条件，定义了一个内容，结论给出了forgone pleasures是这个内容。
(A) One should never regret one’s pleasures.   Irrelevant 结论说的是forgone pleasures
(B) Forgone pleasures that were not desired would  相反
not have been justifiably regretted.
(C) Everything that one desires and then regrets   irrelevant 文中没有说 desire then regret
not having is a forgone pleasure.
(D) Many forgone pleasures would have been  the answer
justifiably regretted.
(E) Nothing that one should not have desired in  nothing不是结论表达的意思
the first place fails to be a pleasure.

风无衣

【精炼2-9】
34s
premise:if something would have been justifiable regretted,then it is something that one should not have desired at first.
conclusion:many forgone pleasures should not have been desired in the first place.

(A) One should never regret one’s pleasures.
(B) Forgone pleasures that were not desired would
not have been justifiably regretted.
(C) Everything that one desires and then regrets
not having is a forgone pleasure.
(D) Many forgone pleasures would have been
justifiably regretted.——correct
(E) Nothing that one should not have desired in
the first place fails to be a pleasure.

1. Any “new” or “rogue” element in the conclusion will appear in the
correct answer.
2. Elements that are common to the conclusion and at least one premise, or
to two premises, normally do not appear in the correct answer.
3. Elements that appear in the premises but not the conclusion normally
appear in the correct answer.

This relationship is similar to the following:
Premise: A B
Conclusion: B occurs.
Question: What statement can be added to the argument above to
conclude that B must follow?
Answer: A occurs.

ugly5552000

1/Background: something that one should not have desired in the first place if it would have been justifiably regretted if it had occurred.
Premise: if follows that many forgone pleasures should not have been desired in the first place.
Prephrase: one is capable to distinguish the things which would have been regretted after it had happened.
D
A: irrelevant
B: different definitions, question stem means forgone pleasures should not be desired.
C: not everything one desires is a forgone pleasure.
D: right
E : irrelevant
2/Background: compared with the standard keyboard, the EFCO keyboard enables typists to type faster with less fatigue.
Premise: the replacement of the standard keyboard with the EFCO keyboard will immediately reduce the typing costs.
Prephrase: the faster one types, the more mistakes are likely to be made.
D
A: no information about people who use both standard and EFCO keyboards
B: irrelevant to the manufacture and maintain costs of keyboards
C: irrelevant
D: it means the cost on training employees to get used to the new keyboard will be large.
E: supports the argument
3/Background: when the overweight people with low metabolic rates lose weight mainly through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged. They will consume significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at the level.
Premise: the newly thin persons will ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate.
Prephrase: besides body size, there is no other factor will stimulus the rise of metabolic rate.

D
A: it means the newly thinned people’s metabolic rate will stay stable
B: irrelevant
C: it weakens the argument
D: irrelevant
E: irrelevant
4/Background: a experimental group consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener. A control group did not consume the sweetener. Then the experimental group showed lower cognitive ability than the control group.
Premise: the detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid, one of the sweetener’s principal constituents.
Prephrase: similar experiments in the past have shown the sweetener would make difference in cognitive ability between test groups.
D
A: irrelevant
B: compared with D, D is the condition which makes B stands up
C: irrelevant
D: only starts from the same line, can the result be reliable
E: irrelevant
5/Background: a experimental group consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener. A control group did not consume the sweetener. Then the experimental group showed lower cognitive ability than the control group.
Premise: the detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid, one of the sweetener’s principal constituents.
Prephrase: before the experiment, the cognitive abilities of the two groups are even.
B
A: irrelevant
B: it explains the reason why cognitive abilities in experimental group is higher.
C: irrelevant
D: irrelevant
E: irrelevant

hexiaomu77

Premise:If something would have been justifiably regretted
->one should not have desired in the first place.
Conclusion: forgone pleasures should not have been
desired in the first place.
思路：A-》B（regretted->not forgone pleasure）
选D
1 D 00:54
2 A 01:58
3 D 01:21
4 B 00:44
Or非B-》非A（forgone pleasure->not regretted）

leewonting

127
背景：If something would have been justifiably regretted if it had occurred, then it is something that one should not have desired in the first place.
条件：The same as to forgone pleasure
结论：Forgone pleasures should not have been desired in the first place
推测：如果一件发生过的事能够反悔，那么当初就不能把其想得太完美？HAD OCCURRED?JUSTIFIABLY REGRETTED?NOT BEEN DESIRED IN THE FIRST PLACE
选D


128
背景：In comparison to the standard typewriter keyboard, the EFCO keyboard, which replace the most-used keys nearest the typist’s strongest fingers.
条件：It allows faster typing and results in less fatigue.
结论：And also results in an immediate reduction of typing costs
推测：培训使用新的键盘，要培训费用
选D


129
Researchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged.  They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level.  Such newly thin persons will, therefore, ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate.
The conclusion of the argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level.
(B) The metabolisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more able to vary than the metabolisms of people who have been very overweight.
(C) The amount of calories that a person usually burns in a day is determined more by the amount that is consumed that day than by the current weight of the individual.
(D) Researchers have not yet determined whether the metabolic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can be accelerated by means of chemical agents.
(E) Because of the constancy of their metabolic rates, people who are at their usual weight normally have as much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it.
背景：Overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting
条件：Their metabolisms remain unchanged. Burn fewer calories.
结论：Ultimately, they will regain weight until their body size matches their metabolic rate.
推测：Overweight people?low metabolic rate?burn fewer calories
     Weight=metabolic rate
选E
应该选A


130
背景：Half of the subjects in an experiment-the experimental group-consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener.
条件：The experimental group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the control group.
结论：It resulted from the sweetener’s principal constituents-amino.
推测：除了糖没有其它的影响因素
选D


131
Half of the subjects in an experiment-the experimental group-consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener.
条件：The experimental group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the control group.
结论：why？
推测：因为糖里面的某些成分？
选B