请教旧prep2-19 31 35

小苹果

19.(27788-!-item-!-188;#058&003653)

With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia and with previously established companies adding many jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy.This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year.Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

(A) Each year, new companies starting up create more new jobs overall than do previously established companies.

(B) Companies established last year will not add a greater number of jobs overall this year than they did last year.

(C) This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year.

(D) This year, the overall number of jobs created by previously established companies will be less than the overall number of jobs lost at those companies.

(E) The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost last year.
答案为C 请明白的朋友解释一下

31.(31265-!-item-!-188;#058&006121)

The symptoms that United States President Zachary Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with arsenic poisoning.Recent examination of Taylor's bones, however, revealed levels of arsenic comparable to those found in the bones of Taylor's contemporaries.These levels are much lower than the levels of arsenic that remain in the bones of arsenic poisoning victims who live for more than a day after ingesting a lethal dose of the poison.

Which of the following is most strongly supported by the statements given?

(A) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with poisoning other than arsenic poisoning.

(B) Taylor's death was not the result of any kind of poisoning.

(C) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death were not caused by a lethal dose of arsenic.

(D) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death grew more severe each day.

(E) It is unusual for a person who has ingested a lethal dose of arsenic to survive for more than a day.

答案为C 不明白怎么推理的

35.(31595-!-item-!-188;#058&006404)

It is illegal to advertise prescription medications in Hedland except directly to physicians, either by mail or in medical journals.A proposed law would allow general advertising of prescription medications.Opponents object that the general population lacks the specialized knowledge to evaluate such advertisements and might ask their physicians for inappropriate medications.But since physicians have the final say as to whether to prescribe a medication for a patient, inappropriate prescriptions would not become more common.

Which of the following would it be most useful to establish in order to evaluate the argument?

(A) Whether advertising for prescription medications might alert patients to the existence of effective treatments for minor ailments that they had previously thought to be untreatable

(B) Whether some people might go to a physician for no reason other than to ask for a particular medication they have seen advertised

(C) Whether the proposed law requires prescription-medication advertisements directed to the general public to provide the same information as do advertisements directed to physicians

(D) Whether advertisements for prescription medications are currently an important source of information about newly available medications for physicians

(E) Whether physicians would give in to a patient's demand for a prescription medication chosen by the patient when the one originally prescribed by the physician fails to perform as desire
答案为E 怎么理解呢
谢谢！

31.(31265-!-item-!-188;#058&006121)

The symptoms that United States President Zachary Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with arsenic poisoning.Recent examination of Taylor's bones, however, revealed levels of arsenic comparable to those found in the bones of Taylor's contemporaries.These levels are much lower than the levels of arsenic that remain in the bones of arsenic poisoning victims who live for more than a day after ingesting a lethal dose of the poison.

Which of the following is most strongly supported by the statements given?

(A) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with poisoning other than arsenic poisoning.

(B) Taylor's death was not the result of any kind of poisoning.

(C) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death were not caused by a lethal dose of arsenic.

(D) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death grew more severe each day.

(E) It is unusual for a person who has ingested a lethal dose of arsenic to survive for more than a day.

答案为C 不明白怎么推理的

35.(31595-!-item-!-188;#058&006404)

It is illegal to advertise prescription medications in Hedland except directly to physicians, either by mail or in medical journals.A proposed law would allow general advertising of prescription medications.Opponents object that the general population lacks the specialized knowledge to evaluate such advertisements and might ask their physicians for inappropriate medications.But since physicians have the final say as to whether to prescribe a medication for a patient, inappropriate prescriptions would not become more common.

Which of the following would it be most useful to establish in order to evaluate the argument?

(A) Whether advertising for prescription medications might alert patients to the existence of effective treatments for minor ailments that they had previously thought to be untreatable

(B) Whether some people might go to a physician for no reason other than to ask for a particular medication they have seen advertised

(C) Whether the proposed law requires prescription-medication advertisements directed to the general public to provide the same information as do advertisements directed to physicians

(D) Whether advertisements for prescription medications are currently an important source of information about newly available medications for physicians

(E) Whether physicians would give in to a patient's demand for a prescription medication chosen by the patient when the one originally prescribed by the physician fails to perform as desire
答案为E 怎么理解呢
谢谢！

yangbaozi

19题我也不明白啊，哪位NN能出来解释一下下啊

sdcar2010

With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia and with previously established companies adding many jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy.This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year.Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

(A) Each year, new companies starting up create more new jobs overall than do previously established companies.
(B) Companies established last year will not add a greater number of jobs overall this year than they did last year.
(C) This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year.
(D) This year, the overall number of jobs created by previously established companies will be less than the overall number of jobs lost at those companies.
(E) The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost last year.

Necessary assumption. Use negation.

New Job Created = Jobs created by "previously established companies" + Jobs created by "starup companies"

If you negate C, you have: This year, the new companies starting up will provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year. If this is true, although no new jobs will be created by "old companies," it is possible that jobs created by "new companies" might exceed the total number of jobs created last yeart. Then the argument falls apart. So C is the necessary assumption.

In terms of math:
A = 100 (old companies) + 200 (new companies)
B = 99 (old companies) + x (new companies)

If the conclusion says that B<A, then x has to be less than 200 (last year's new job number).

Main conclusion: unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created:

Not A unless B: If A, then B; If not B, then not A.

The total new jobs created by new companies = number of new companies * average number of new jobs created in each new company. Even if the number of new companies drops or remains the same as last year, if the average number of new jobs per new company reaches a new height, the total number of new jobs might still be a record.  C simply prevents that from happening.

yangbaozi

楼主问的另外两题也没人解释，我尝试解一下吧。
31题。题目是个supported by above题，所以要跟题目思维意思内容全部一致。DE的内容是原文中没有提到的，直接排除鸟。原文第二句说T 骨头中的砷含量和其他同龄同时代的人是一样的，第三句又说这个含量远小于因砷中毒死亡的人的骨头中的砷含量。这只能说明T不是因为砷中毒死亡（至少不是这种可以让人在一天内死亡的砷含量），但不能说明他就是其他中毒致死，也不能说明他不是因为中毒死亡。所以排除AB。

35题。问题问：药品广告会不会导致老百姓乱吃药。原文说不会，因为尽管老百姓不懂分辨广告，医生还是懂的，医生不会因为看了广告就给老百姓乱开药。   那就要看若之前医生开的药没有达到效果，医生会不会让步于患者，而听从患者的意愿去开药捏？如果会，那就麻烦了，患者可能会因为看了广告而要求医生开那些不知真假的药。这也就是E 的意思。

yangbaozi

谢谢楼上的详细解答了，这下是明白了。看来又是理解错误，我还以为去年的“starup companies”在今年应该算作“previously established companies”，所以根据题意，一下子就把这两个群体的数量都算上还是少于去年的“previously established companies”，所以就必须有“新的starup companies”才能超过去年总提供jobs数量。原来这个“starup companies”和“previously established companies”是固定不变的两个群组呢。

Feelalive

膜拜Sdcar大大

Dorismiemie

还是不太明白～
就像楼上说的the number of new job=number of startup company *number of new job created by per company，为什么跟公司的数量无关？
btw，a答案为什么错呀？
求解答，谢谢

Aquaflow

个人见解：
最简便的方法：选项有没有提到题干所要讨论的主体：physicians。没有提到这个核心的都应该删掉。

C不对的原因：(C) Whether the proposed law requires prescription-medication advertisements directed to the general public to provide the same information as do advertisements directed to physicians

削弱：播放给大众的广告是否和播放给药剂师的广告是否一样
若一样：药剂师的存在就有意义
若不一样：药剂师的存在就没有意义—因为广告可能已经屏蔽了可能会导致大众买一些不该买的药的广告，所以药剂师的作用在这里就消失了

这样看的话C选项也对，但是该题所讨论的主题是【药剂师】本身，所以选项应该提到药剂师、并以药剂师讨论中心，而不是其他。

另外，题干已经指出“laypersons lack the specialized knowledge to evaluate such advertisements and might ask their physicians for inappropriate medications”，也就是说大众对广告信息并不敏感，并不能察觉出哪些是一般可以开的药，哪些是不可以的。所以广告信息对于药剂师是否会开不合适的药，是没有影响的

C is about the information contained in the advertisements. however, we've already established that, "when it comes to drugs, people don't know what the heck they are talking about" -- so, it doesn't really matter what information is in the advertisements.

E正确的原因： E  says, "Patients can talk their doctors into giving them meds."
You should be able to see how the argument is affected if this is true.

newconcept123

我有个问题，第31题：
问了support,我怎么觉得问must be true会更好一些。
因为选项作conclusion似乎更合理一些而不是premise
大家觉得呢？

ArsèneSONG

支持两年前的楼上，感觉must be true 更好，因为文中给到的信息全都是premise，找不到一个明确的逻辑链出来。